What term refers to disruptive measures taken by workers to apply pressure when disagreements cannot be resolved?

• A. Marketing strategy
• B. Boston Matrix
• C. Product lines
• D. Industrial action

Answer: (D)

Industrial action is when workers use disruptive steps to pressure management during a dispute that can’t be resolved through talks. When negotiations stall, employees may strike, slow down work, or refuse to perform tasks beyond their contract, aiming to disrupt production and push for concessions. This leverages the impact on output to bring management back to the negotiating table. The other terms relate to product or marketing concepts rather than labor disputes: marketing strategy covers promotion and sales, the Boston Matrix is a portfolio planning tool, and product lines are categories of products offered. Industrial action uniquely describes worker pressure in unresolved disagreements.